African Journal of Education,Science and Technology (AJEST)
The History Of Political Pluralism in Kenya Since 1960
This study examines the history of political pluralism in Kenya from 1960 to 2002, with a particular focus on the political career of Joseph Martin Shikuku Oyondi. Anchored in Pluralist Theory, the research explores the phases of Kenya’s democratic evolution—from the promise of independence and early multipartyism, through the consolidation of a one-party state, to the resurgence of political pluralism during the Second Liberation. Using a combination of archival research, oral testimonies, and secondary sources, the study assesses how both systemic structures and individual agency shaped the political landscape. Findings indicate that while Kenya began its postcolonial journey with a multiparty system, the ruling elites quickly manipulated legal frameworks to marginalize opposition parties. The 1982 constitutional amendment that formalized the one-party state marked a significant regression in democratic governance. However, it also catalyzed a decade of resistance by reformists, civil society actors, and political dissidents, including Shikuku. His parliamentary interventions, grassroots mobilization, and principled stance against authoritarianism contributed to the political awakening that culminated in the repeal of Section 2A in 1991 and the reintroduction of multiparty democracy. The study underscores that political pluralism in Kenya has been both a legal and social struggle, shaped by contestation, resilience, and negotiated reforms. It concludes that although the reintroduction of pluralism was a milestone, genuine democratic consolidation remains an ongoing project. The paper recommends stronger preservation of political history, enhanced civic education, and institutional reforms to sustain a robust pluralist culture. The research contributes to the historiography of Kenya’s democratization and affirms the enduring relevance of political actors in shaping national governance.
Copyright (c) 2025 African Journal of Education,Science and Technology (AJEST)
Community Perceptions of Land Use Change Impacts on Wildlife and Community Livelihoods in Kitengela Conservation Area, Kenya
The Kitengela Conservation Area, located adjacent to Nairobi National Park in Kenya, has undergone significant land use changes over the past three decades, with critical implications on biodiversity and local community livelihoods. This study investigated the perceived drivers and impacts of these changes, and their effects on migratory wild ungulates and local communities. Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to 110 households selected using stratified random sampling in three village clusters. The questionnaire captured information on socio-demographic characteristics, perceptions on land use change drivers, benefits and drawbacks of these changes, and their perceived ecological consequences. Drivers of land use change cited included human population growth (90%), agricultural expansion (51.8%), and urbanization (39.1%). Respondents reported accruing socio-economic benefits such as increased business opportunities, job creation, and access to services, while negative impacts experienced included pollution, habitat degradation, and loss of biodiversity. A majority of the respondents (87.3%) perceived a decline in wildlife populations, with species such as lions and elephants reported as locally extinct. Ecological impacts cited included habitat destruction (67.4%), direct mortality due to human activities (16.4%), and behavioral disturbance of wildlife (16.2%). We found significant differences in perceptions of impact categories, with habitat-related impacts being most prominent. The findings highlight growing competition between development and conservation in peri-urban ecosystems and underscore the need for integrated land use planning and strengthened community-based conservation initiatives to ensure coexistence between people and wildlife.
An overview of the diseases constraining the production and productivity in cowpea: With focus in bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola
Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. L. (cowpea) is a significant legume crop mainly cultivated by small-scale growers in sub-Saharan Africa for human food (vegetables and grains) and animal fodder. The main aim of this review was to examine the production and productivity limitations of cowpea cultivars, with an emphasis on bacterial blight disease. To achieve our objective, we evaluated literature from multiple sources, focusing on relevant information for our review. In sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya is among the leading countries in cowpea production, with Nigeria leading in West Africa, which accounts for approximately 61% of global cowpea output. Cowpeas are affected by a broad range of diseases and pests, resulting to the destruction of entire crops. Continuous crop improvement is essential for the development of new cowpea varieties that do well under varied environmental conditions and are resistant to a wide range of diseases and pests. There is a serious need for interdisciplinary cooperation between breeders and other important actors, such as agricultural extension officers and farmers. There is a pressing demand for cowpea breeding initiatives that concentrate on breeding cultivars with early maturity, disease, pest, and drought tolerance due to sub-Saharan Africa's diminishing rainfall pattern, increases in pests and diseases, and changing environmental conditions. The current review evaluates the diseases constraining the yield and performance of cowpea, with an emphasis on the bacterial blight of cowpea.
Influence of Teachers’ Insight Towards Implementing Grade Repetition Policy In Gucha South Sub-County
Grade repetition remains a significant barrier to the timely completion of the educational cycle. Despite government efforts aimed at enhancing student access and ensuring a 100% transition in accordance with educational policies, the issue persists, particularly in Gucha Sub-County, where instances of grade repetition are prevalent. This research investigates the factors affecting the implementation of the grade repetition policy in secondary schools across Kenya, with a specific focus on how teachers' perspectives influence the policy's application. Employing a descriptive survey design, this study is informed by the Social Promotion Theory, which posits that allowing students to advance is crucial for long-term educational outcomes. The research population consisted of 45 secondary schools, their principals and deputy principals, 540 students, and five educational officers. A simple random sampling method was applied to select participants, culminating in a sample of 17 secondary schools, 17 principals, 17 deputy principals, and 209 students, of whom 167 responded. To ensure the reliability and effectiveness of the data collection instruments, a pilot test was conducted, which demonstrated strong internal consistency. Data from educational officers were gathered through interviews, while questionnaires were administered to school administrators and students. The analysis utilized the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), presenting quantitative data in tables and documenting qualitative insights from administrators regarding grade repetition. The findings revealed that economic status did not influence the decision to repeat a grade, and the adverse effects of repetition significantly outweighed any benefits. Ultimately, the study concluded that the government's implementation of the grade repetition policy was inadequate. Recognizing that education encompasses more than academic achievement alone, the research recommends a thorough execution of the grade repetition policy. Adhering to the recommendations provided in this study may enable stakeholders to effectively navigate the grade repetition policy, contributing to the achievement of Vision 2030 and beyond.
Pricing Rainfall Derivatives Based on a Hidden Markov Model to Mitigate Poor Yield
rainfall. The amount of monthly rainfall on wet days is obtained using auto-regressive moving average (ARIMA) models because the model is linear, since the future values are constrained to be linear functions of past data. Monthly rainfall data from 1995 to 2015 were taken from the Kamuzu International Airport (KIA) Meteorology station in order to assess the model performance. The selected model corresponds to the ARIMA (1,0,1) (2,0,1)12, and was validated by another historical rainfall data under the same conditions. The results obtained prove that the model could be used to model and forecast the future rainfall variability in Malawi. The steady state matrix from hidden Markov model (HMM) shows likelihood that rainfall pattern at Kamuzu International Airport (KIA) would follow the pattern of the given probabilities (0.396 0.604) which implies that the probability that it would rain on a particular day in future at KIA is 0.369 and the probability that it would be dry on a particular day is 0.604. As such, the study suggests the rainfall weather derivative as a solution to mitigate poor yield due to erratic rainfall. Therefore, the study suggests buying basket options. The utility indifference approach is used to derive the buyer’s and seller’s prices. Reasonably, the indifference approach starts with an interesting idea that the amount of money at which a possible buyer of a claim is indifferent in terms of expected utility between buying and selling creates an upper or lower limit for the contract price.
Green Property Tax in Anambra State: Opportunities and Challenges
including intense heatwaves, erratic rainfall patterns, flooding, and coastal erosion, which negatively affect real estate, infrastructure, and biodiversity, and wreak havoc on people’s well-being, livelihood, and communities. To accelerate climate action, strict measures and regulations are needed in the global effort to address the climate crisis and achieve environmental sustainability. This study examines the opportunities and challenges of introducing a green property tax in Anambra State to promote ecological sustainability and address climate change challenges, following the suspension of the Anambra State Property and Land Use Tax (APLUC) collection in 2018. Data were collected from Estate Surveyors and Valuers and property owners from the three major cities of Anambra State to gauge their opinions on the workability of the tax. Findings show that the green tax would be beneficial in these areas: adherence to town planning laws and building codes, reduced carbon emissions, reduced flooding, and additional revenue for the government. Challenges include the non-involvement of stakeholders in drafting the tax policy, tax awareness, difficulty in determining environmental impact, non-judicious use of tax funds by the government. Based on these findings, this study recommends stakeholders’ involvement and participation especially the Estate surveyor and Valuers in drafting the tax policy and the implementation, training of staff and deployment of ICT in tax administration processes. The study highlights how to design and implement in a developing economic context a green property tax for promoting a greener and more sustainable environment. It will serve as an innovative fiscal policy tool and can influence policymakers, real estate developers, and homeowners to adopt greener practices, fostering a culture of sustainability. It will also serve as a model for other states in Nigeria.
Effect of Ethanol Leaf – Extract of Justicia carnea on Body Weight and Hematology of Cadmium Chloride Induced Toxicity in Wistar Rats
Medicinal plants are good sources of antioxidants that prevent body cells against oxidative assaults. They can also occasionally act as pro-oxidants to alter biochemical pathways and organ functions. The present study was carried out to determine the effects of ethanol leaf- extract of Justicia carnea on body weight and some hematological parameters of cadmium chloride-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. A total of forty seven adult Wistar rats (males) were used. While twelve rats were used for acute toxicity study of the extract, Thirty five divided into seven groups of five animals each were used for the body weight and hematological study. The groups were group A (Normal control/normal animals), group B (Negative control/untreated animals), group C (Positive control/group treated with standard drug (100mg/kg Silymarin)), group D (animals treated with 100mg/kgbwt extract(pre and post treatment)), group E (animal treated 300 mg/kgbwt (pre and post treatment)), group F (animals treated with 100mg/kgbwt extract (post treatment)) and group G (animals treated with 300mg/kgbwt extract (post treatment)). Both Pretreatment (treatment before induction) and post treatment (treatment after induction) of the extract were carried out on groups D and E at doses of 100mg/kgbwt and 300 mg/kgbwt respectively and in groups F and G only post treatment of the extract were carried out at doses of 100mg/kgbwt and 300mg/kgbwt respectively. While the treatment of groups D and E was effective for four weeks, treatment of groups F and G lasted for two weeks and treatment effects on body weight, full blood count, differential blood cells were compared with the three controls (normal, Negative and Positive Controls). In the acute toxicity test, the results of the two phases indicated that LD50 of the extract could be higher than 5000mg/kg bwt as no death or observed toxicity was recorded after doses of 10 to 5000 mg/kg bwt. The results indicate progressive and significant (p<0.05) increase in body weight in all the groups. The result of HGB, PCV and RBC showed significant (p<0.05) increase while WBC showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in groups D, E, F and G when compared to negative control, the result of neutrophil and lymphocyte showed significant (p<0.05) increase in all the groups compared to normal control. The results of esinophil and monocytes counts showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in ethanol extract treated groups when compared with normal control. The same result was obtained in basophils except group E that showed significant (p<0.05) increase when compared with the normal control. The results of this study suggest that ethanol leaf extract of J. carnea is relatively safe and could be beneficial in alleviating hematology related abnormalities.
Challenges Of ICT Integration In Teaching History And Government In Public Secondary Schools, Ainabkoi Sub-County, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
Information and communication technology (ICT) era has made significant changes in our work and lives in general, affecting both the private and public sectors. In Ainabkoi sub county, Uasin Gishu County, the integration of ICT in teaching and learning faces a number of obstacles including inadequate facilities, insufficient training of teachers, and limited availability of digital resources. Despite various efforts by the Kenyan government and other stakeholders to promote ICT use in schools such as the Digital Literacy Programme (DLP), provision of computer labs, and teacher training initiatives there is still a gap in how ICT is practically applied in teaching subjects like History and Government. The study, therefore, sought to bridge this gap by studying the challenges of ICT Integration in Teaching History and Government in selected public secondary schools in Ainabkoi Sub-County, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. A mixed-methods strategy was used in the study, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The target population comprised 660 individuals, including 30 Principals, 30 History and Government teachers, and 600 Form Three students. Using a 30% sampling ratio, the study sampled 196 respondents drawn from 9 schools: 9 Principals, 9 teachers, and 180 students. Stratified random sampling ensured representation from National, Extra-County, County, and Sub-County schools. The instruments comprised of an interview schedule for principals, questionnaire for History and Government teachers and students to collect data on the challenges and coping strategies. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically while descriptive statistics was used to analyze quantitative data. The research highlighted several obstacles, including insufficient formal training, deficient infrastructure, limited technical assistance and time limitations. Educators indicated that their capacity to integrate ICT tools is constrained by insufficient time and training. Students similarly identified technical challenges and insufficient access to ICT resources as significant barriers to effective learning. The study concluded that several barriers exist. These include poor infrastructure, lack of technical support, limited access to ICT resources, and insufficient time allocated for teachers to plan and incorporate ICT in their lessons. It recommends that schools should employ full-time ICT support personnel and allocate dedicated time for ICT-integrated lesson planning to address technical and structural barriers to ICT use in History and Government. Future research was recommended on evaluation of ICT policy implementation in secondary schools and its influence on integration outcomes across school types.
Moderating Effect of Financial Literacy on The Relationship Between Clan Culture and Financial Performance of SMEs in Nandi County, Kenya
The main aim of this study is to examine the moderating role of financial literacy on the relationship between clan culture and the financial performance of Small and medium-sized enterprises. The study employed the Resource-Based View Theory, an explanatory research design, and cluster sampling techniques to collect data using a closed-ended questionnaire from a sample of 376 Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. A Hierarchical regression model was used to test the study's hypotheses. The study findings indicate that Clan culture (β = 0.605, p = 0.000) and financial literacy (β = 0.456, p = 0.000) positively influence financial performance. In addition, the results reveal that financial literacy moderates the relationship between clan culture (β = -0.100, p = 0.000) and financial performance. Managers and owners of SMEs should recognize the importance of organizational culture in a firm's performance. They should create and implement an appropriate culture that fosters joint effort and mutual trust, ensuring high and sustainable performance for their SMEs. In addition, the moderation results reveal that managers in financially savvy businesses shouldn't depend entirely on clan culture for determining financial performance. On the contrary, they should combine data-driven practices or information with culture to enhance performance. The originality of this research paper lies in the moderation hypothesis. The moderation results contribute to theory and literature, as there are minimal studies that have been tested.
Modification of Cassava Flour Chemical, Functional Properties, and Sensory Attributes Through Gamma Irradiation
Gamma irradiation is an emerging food processing technology increasingly applied to improve the safety, shelf life, and quality of staple crops such as cassava (Manihot esculenta). It induces significant changes in cassava starch, including reductions in amylose content, moisture, and overall carbohydrates. These changes are accompanied by increased starch solubility and altered swelling and pasting behaviors, which are critical for food texture and processing. Notably, irradiation decreases peak, breakdown, and setback viscosities while modifying gelatinization temperatures, indicating starch depolymerization and changes in crystalline structure. Such alterations enhance starch digestibility and improve its functional performance in various food applications. Protein content and digestibility in cassava also increase due to radiation-induced breakdown of complex proteins into simpler, more bioavailable forms. Conversely, fat content tends to decrease, with concurrent lipid oxidation and shifts in fatty acid profiles. Dietary fiber undergoes structural transformations that enhance solubility, potentially benefiting digestive health. Mineral contents generally remain stable; however, gamma irradiation can improve mineral bioavailability by degrading anti-nutritional factors. Furthermore, gamma irradiation significantly enhances the sensory qualities of cassava products by increasing sweetness through starch breakdown, reducing viscosity for easier processing, and modifying color and texture to improve consumer appeal. These sensory improvements contribute to greater consumer acceptance, making irradiated cassava flour a promising ingredient for both traditional and modern food applications. Overall, gamma irradiation presents a promising technology for enhancing cassava’s nutritional and functional qualities. However, optimizing irradiation doses is essential to maximize benefits while minimizing adverse effects on texture and nutrient integrity.
ADHD Learner-Related Behaviours and Teachers’ Choice of Classroom Management Strategies in Primary Schools in Kisii County, Kenya
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a widespread childhood neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The ADHD-related activities regularly disrupt learning and the classroom atmosphere. Teachers play an important role in regulating these behaviours by establishing classroom practices that enhance the academic and socio-emotional development of children. This study investigated the relationship between ADHD-Learner related behaviours and teachers’ choice of classroom management strategies in primary schools in Kisii County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to: identify common ADHD-related behaviours exhibited by pupils in primary schools in Kisii County; examine classroom management strategies used by teachers to manage pupils with ADHD-related behaviours; determine whether there is a significant relationship between ADHD-related behaviours and the classroom management strategies employed by teachers. The study adopted a concurrent parallel research design within a mixed methods approach. A sample of 386 primary school teachers was selected to participate in the study. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, and focus group discussion guides. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results indicated that teachers use various methods to control classroom challenges such as excessive talking, making noise, restlessness, or frequent trips to the loo, which disturb classroom activities. Statistical analysis found a substantial positive association, between ADHD-related behaviours and teachers’ choice of classroom management strategies (ρ = 0.268, p < 0.001). The study concludes that effective management of ADHD-related behaviours improves classroom order and learning outcomes among the affected pupils and their peers.
Anthropogenic Threats Affecting Birds and their Habitats in Lake Solai, Kenya
Anthropogenic activities including urbanization, agriculture, and infrastructure development are major drivers of biodiversity loss, with significant impacts on avifaunal diversity in freshwater ecosystems. This study assessed the perceived threats to birds and their habitats around Lake Solai, Kenya, a key wetland supporting diverse resident and migratory bird species. Perceived threats, mitigation measures and effectiveness of conservation efforts were assessed through structured questionnaires administered to 100 households across five villages bordering Lake Solai; Majitamu, Kapndege, Kasururei, Tuiyotich, and Machine. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 where descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to examine the perception of threats, preferred mitigation measures and associations with demographic and livelihood factors. Habitat degradation (85%), climate variability (78%), human disturbance (65%), and pollution (58%) emerged as the predominant threats, with variations linked to primary livelihood activities rather than demographic characteristics (age, gender and village). Support and funding and education were prioritized by the respondents as critical mitigation strategies, although there was high reliance on local community initiatives, formal conservation efforts were not recognized. The differences in village preferences of mitigation measures highlights the importance of localized conservation approaches specific to socio-economic contexts. Generally, the conservation efforts were limited with only 30% of the respondents being aware of them, they mostly highlighted informal actions including awareness creation and volunteering, with minimal formal actions. The findings emphasize the need for strengthened governance, enhanced community engagement, and integrated, livelihood-sensitive conservation planning to safeguard avian biodiversity in this human-modified landscape.
Repositioning the Factors that Influence the College of Education Tutors ' Job Satisfaction for Sustainable Student-Teacher Preparation
The study examines the factors that influence the college of education tutors’ job satisfaction and repositions these factors for sustainable student-teacher preparation at the Colleges of Education in the Northern Region of Ghana. The design employed is a convergent parallel mixed-methods research approach, utilising a mixed-methods research design that combines both qualitative and quantitative research traditions. The quantitative sampling size of 124 Tutors was determined using Yamane's (1967) formula for determining sample size, while the qualitative sampling size of 16 administrative staff and department heads was determined using the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires and face-to-face in-depth interviews. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while the qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings were that the following factors do influence tutors' job satisfaction in the colleges: a conducive and healthy working environment ( a mean score of 2.49), a high sense of fulfilment and promotional opportunities (a mean score of 2.51), good relations with colleagues and management (a mean score of 2.90), competitive and adequate salaries and allowances (a mean score of 2.68), adequate teacher learner support materials, adequate staffing (a mean score of 2.45), and availability of professional development opportunities (a mean score of 2.11). To reposition these factors for sustainable student-teacher preparation, college management and governing councils should invest in modern lecture rooms, ICT laboratories, and sufficient teaching and learning materials and they should collaborate with the Ghana Tertiary Education Commission (GTEC) to get financial clearance to employ more teaching staff and to establish clear, fair, and timely promotion procedures to help tutors envision career growth and fulfilment.
Assessing Human Disturbance Threats in Caves on Community Lands in Kenya
Caves in Kenya provide critical habitats for diverse bat species, supporting roosting, breeding, and foraging activities essential for their survival. Despite their ecological importance, many caves, particularly those located on unprotected community lands, are increasingly exposed to human disturbance, which can compromise habitat quality and bat population viability. This study assessed the type and intensity of disturbance threats across twelve caves, nine of which are in community lands caves in Kenya, aiming to identify high-risk sites and inform conservation priorities. Observations were quantified using a standardized scoring protocol (0–3) across nine categories of threats, including tourism, vegetation removal, plastic waste, artificial lighting, construction, agriculture/livestock, guano mining, religious use, and firewood collection. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize per-cave and per-threat metrics, while heatmap visualization and cluster analysis revealed patterns of shared and unique disturbances among sites. Tourism, plastic waste, and vegetation removal emerged as the most prevalent threats, whereas guano mining and firewood collection were less frequent. Shimoni cave recorded the highest cumulative threat score, reflecting intense human pressures, while caves such as Makuruhu exhibited relatively low disturbance levels. These results highlight that caves in community lands are subject to diverse anthropogenic pressures that, if unmanaged, could undermine bat conservation. Conservation interventions should prioritize high-risk caves through targeted and cluster-based strategies to mitigate human impacts and preserve cave ecosystem integrity. Conservation interventions should prioritize high-risk caves through targeted and cluster-based strategies to mitigate human impacts, integrate cave protection into local biodiversity management plans, and preserve bat populations that depend on these fragile ecosystems.
Justice for the Poor in Nigeria from the Perspective of Human Rights and Christian Social Teaching in the Face of Global Insecurity
The paper titled Justice for the Poor in Nigeria from the Perspective of Human Rights and Christian Social Teaching in the face of global insecurity investigates the nature, causes, and effects of extreme poverty in Nigerian society. Poverty is here defined as the lack of the basic necessities for existence and for a meaningful life. Poverty is widespread with millions of Nigerians living below the poverty line. Unemployment is high, with many people out of work each year, illiteracy is a major problem, with millions of school children out of school and the mortality rate is high. This situation of abject poverty has brought indignity to the lives of many in Nigeria. Poverty is an assault on human dignity. Its existence has engendered many other forms of unwanted behaviours in society. If anything is not done to ameliorate the situation, it can lead to a serious social problem in the country. The problem of poverty in Nigeria is usually discussed, and solutions are sought from political and economic angles as the reviewed literature has revealed. This work looks at the problem from the human rights perspective and Christian social teaching. The work employs descriptive-sociological and philosophic-theological methods in its data analysis and interpretation. The available data suggest that the problem has its roots in the unethical behaviour of the leaders of the people. The government has not done enough to ensure an all-inclusive society that respects the rights of every citizen. Rather, it has continued to maintain an unjust and asymmetrical power relational structure which has continued to impoverish the people. There is the denial of rights of the people by the leaders who are supposed to see to their protection and well-being. They are simply excluded from the scheme of things in the national discussion. All stakeholders, especially the government, have the onus to ensure an inclusive society by prioritizing every citizen’s dignity and good life by investing in critical areas of education, healthcare, job creation, and improving basic infrastructure.
Rothschild Giraffe Forage Plant Diversity and Distribution in Rimoi National Reserve, Kenya
The study was conducted in Rimoi National Reserve situated in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. Data collection was done between January and April 2023. This study examines the forage vegetation diversity and its distribution patterns for the introduced Rothschild giraffes in Rimoi Reserve, focusing on the ecological conservation of the habitat for better interactions with the available vegetation and other herbivores. Specific objectives were a) to determine the distribution of forage plants preferred by Rothschild Giraffe in the reserve, and b) to assess the diversity of the preferred forage plants by Rothschild Giraffe in the reserve. Over the course of the study, 16 tree species were identified as part of the giraffes' diet, with significant consumption of Balanites aegyptica, which constituted nearly half of their intake. The distribution of giraffe forages across upland and riverine areas within the reserve showed a significant difference (t= 2.302, df= 30, p=0.028), suggesting that forage availability in the reserve is skewed towards the upland area (64.73%). The diversity analysis using and richness using rarefaction curves revealed that the Riverine area had the highest plant diversity, providing a variety of plants beneficial for giraffes, while the upland area exhibited the lowest diversity (t= 7.325, df= 31, p=0.001). The study recommends active habitat management by the reserve to promote the growth of key forage species, regular monitoring of plant distribution and dietary patterns, and conflict mitigation strategies to reduce competition for resources among herbivores. Implementing these strategies can enhance the conservation of Rothschild giraffes and maintain a balanced ecosystem in the Rimoi National Reserve.
Acoustic Monitoring Reveals Patterns of Insectivorous Bat Diversity and Activity in South and North Nandi Forests, Kenya
Understanding how habitat degradation affects insectivorous bats is essential for guiding tropical forest conservation. This study employed passive acoustic monitoring to investigate patterns of insectivorous bat diversity and activity across three habitat types: matrix, edge, and interior in South and North Nandi Forests, western Kenya. Recordings were collected between June 2019 and July 2020 using ultrasonic detectors, and call sequences were manually verified using Kaleidoscope Pro to the species level. A total of 24 species representing 8 families and three foraging guilds were identified from over 60,000 validated bat passes. Overall, bat activity and species richness were highest in forest interiors and lowest in matrices, indicating sensitivity to habitat simplification and anthropogenic disturbance. Edge- and open-space foragers such as Mops pumilus and Tadarida spp. dominated the degraded habitats, whereas clutter-adapted species, including Nycteris spp., Myotis tricolor, and Kerivoula spp., were confined to forest interiors. Canonical Correspondence Analysis revealed that tree density, along with indicators of disturbance such as cut stumps and footpaths, significantly influenced bat assemblage composition. These findings demonstrate that structurally complex habitats support higher acoustic activity and greater species diversity, underscoring the importance of conserving interior forest habitats within fragmented landscapes. The study provides a valuable reference for using acoustic monitoring in long-term biodiversity assessments and highlights the potential of insectivorous bats as sensitive indicators of forest ecosystem integrity across tropical forests.
Anthropogenic Impacts on The Conservation of Grey Crowned Crane Balearica Regulorum at Lake Ol' Bolossat, Kenya
Human population growth and related land-use changes are a significant threat to biodiversity, particularly due to habitat fragmentation, degradation, and loss. Birds are vulnerable species because their habitats are being converted to support human activities. The Grey Crowned Crane, an endangered bird listed in the IUCN list of Endangered Species, is a flagship and umbrella species endemic to Africa, facing a sharp decline in its global population. The current estimated population ranges between 26,500 and 33,500 birds globally, 8500-10000 in Kenya and 1,100 birds recorded at Lake Ol’ Bolossat in Kenya. Despite their coexistence with humans in shared landscapes, little is known about the impact of their interactions with human activities. To understand the impact of this interaction, a questionnaire with closed-ended questions was used to collect data on community perceptions on Crowned Crane conservation from 95 respondents across 11 Villages around the Lake. Sampled households were located 0-3Km from the Lake boundaries. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests of independence, and Fisher’s Exact Test when expected cell counts were few. Statistical significance was evaluated at α = 0.05. All demographic factors did not have a significant effect on Crowned Crane conservation except for hunting, which varied significantly across the 11 villages (χ²(10) = 37.13, p < 0.001). Whilst the respondents were conversant with the crowned crane, it did not result in successful conservation efforts, as localized pressure was evidenced by hunting. Promoting programs and strategies that foster community awareness on the importance of conservation, while supporting community-based crane conservation initiatives, is recommended. These may include outreach activities in local schools, community meetings (chiefs’ and sub-chiefs’ barazas), as well as community-tailored conferences and workshops on conservation.
Learner Participatory Strategies is the Key to Competency in Mathematics and Integrated Science in Junior Schools
Several research findings indicate that learners’ proficiency in Mathematics and Integrated Science at the end of junior school remains below the expected standards. This study therefore examined the less researched learner participatory strategies in enhancing learners’ competency in Mathematics and Integrated Science. The objective of this study was to examine the uptake of learner participatory strategies in enhancing competency of learners in Maths and Integrated Science in Junior Schools in Rachuonyo North Sub-county, Kenya. The study was guided by cognitive development and social cognitive theories. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design and quantitative approach from a population that comprised 140 Heads of Institutions, 200 teachers and 5,000 grade seven learners, giving a total of 5,340 respondents. Using simple random sampling, 42 Heads of institutions, 60 teachers and 1,500 learners were selected. A structured questionnaire was administered to teachers and heads of institutions to collect information about the influence of participatory strategies of learners in Maths and Integrated Science competencies. A structured observation checklists was used in the observation of actual lessons in class. Validity and reliability of the instruments were established through consultation with experts and piloting. The structured questionnaire and observation checklist was piloted in schools outside the sampling frame using 4 heads, 6 teachers and 150 learners yielding a test-retest reliability of .79 and .81 for questionnaires and checklists respectively. Content validity indices of .78 and .75 were obtained making it suitable for collection of information. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the study findings presented in form of frequency tables, means and graphs. The study findings established that proper implementation of participatory strategies will strongly and positively predicts the uptake of learner competency in Mathematics and Integrated Science. Although teachers possess adequate knowledge and understand their role in developing competent learners, this knowledge is not effectively translated into classroom practice. The study recommends continuous professional development, mentorship, and provision of adequate resources to bridge the gap between teachers’ knowledge of participatory strategies and their actual classroom practice, thereby enhancing learner competency.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antifungal Activity of Balanites aegyptiaca Extracts against Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus
Fungal infections caused by Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus pose major public health challenges, particularly in regions with limited access to effective antifungal drugs and increasing resistance to existing therapies. Although Balanites aegyptiaca is widely used in traditional medicine, its antifungal potential remains insufficiently studied. The study evaluated extracts against C. albicans, a causative agent of candidiasis, and A. flavus, a mycotoxin-producing fungus, to determine their therapeutic potential and relevance in managing fungal infections. Leaves stem bark, and root bark of B. aegyptiaca were collected from disease-free trees in Katakwi District, Uganda, washed, air-dried, pulverized, and stored under sterile conditions. Crude extracts were prepared via successive maceration using methanol, dichloromethane, and n-hexane. Qualitative phytochemical screening detected saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and starch. Antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. flavus was evaluated using the agar-well diffusion method. Experiments were conducted in triplicate, and zones of inhibition were measured. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test in STATA 14.0, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Methanol proved the most effective solvent for extracting phytochemicals from B. aegyptiaca, yielding higher crude extract quantities than dichloromethane and n-hexane. Phytochemical screening identified alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, and phytosterols in leaves, stem bark, and root bark, with methanolic extracts containing the broadest range of compounds. Sour varieties generally had higher phenolic content than sweet ones. Antifungal assays showed methanolic extracts had the strongest activity, producing inhibition zones up to 23.67 mm against C. albicans and 23.00 mm against A. flavus, particularly in stem and root bark. Dichloromethane (DCM) extracts exhibited moderate antifungal activity, while n-hexane was least effective, except for some moderate inhibition of A. flavus by non-polar compounds. Polar solvents, particularly methanol, efficiently extracted bioactive compounds from B. aegyptiaca, with the sweet variety yielding more than the sour. Crude extracts inhibited C. albicans and A. flavus, suggesting combined plant parts may enhance antifungal efficacy.
Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Methanolic Extract Fractions from Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile
Microbial infections remain a major global health concern, with mortality rates continuing to rise each decade. Projections estimate that by 2050, antimicrobial resistance could account for up to 10 million deaths annually. This study investigated the antimicrobial potential of phytochemical groups present in crude extracts of B. aegyptiaca as a possible alternative for managing microbial infections. Plant materials (leaves, stem bark, and root bark) were collected from two local varieties of B. aegyptica which are tentatively referred to as the “sweet” and “sour” varieties growing in Ajeluk village, Katakwi District, North-Eastern Uganda. The dried and pulverized samples (100 g each) were subjected to successive extraction with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol. The resulting crude extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator, followed by fractionation through silica gel column chromatography. Fractions were further purified using preparative thin-layer chromatography, with separated bands visualized under Ultra Violet (UV) light, eluted, and tested for antimicrobial activity. Test organisms included multidrug-resistant American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Aspergillus flavus ATCC 6275. The methanolic fractions demonstrated notable antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones greater than 8 mm. Among the phytochemical groups, phenolics exhibited the strongest activity (23.67 ± 1.15 mm), while coumarin-containing fractions displayed the lowest activity (7.00 ± 0.00 mm). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between inhibition zones of the phytochemical groups and the positive control (p < 0.05). Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and coumarins in the extracts. Overall, the findings suggest that B. aegyptica contains diverse bioactive compounds with antimicrobial potential, particularly against fungal pathogens. C. albicans and A. flavus were more susceptible to these extracts than E. coli, highlighting the plant’s promise as a source of antifungal agents.
Prevalence of Teenage Pregnancy and its Influence on Social Adjustment of Pregnant and Teenage Student Mothers in Secondary Schools in the Post-COVID-19 Period
Prevalence of teenage pregnancy is a global challenge affecting both developed and developing countries, posing a threat to the teenage girl's health and academic achievement. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of teenage pregnancy and its influence on the social adjustment of pregnant and teenage student mothers in secondary schools in Kakamega East sub-county during the post-COVID-19 period. The study was anchored on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory to understand the impact on self-esteem and Vygotsky’s Social-cultural Theory to analyze social adjustment. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, targeting 10,623 stakeholders across 36 secondary schools. A sample of 371 respondents, including deputy principals, guidance and counselling teachers, class teachers, mainstream learners, pregnant/parenting teenagers, parents, and a QUASO, were sampled using stratified random sampling, purposive sampling, and snowballing. Data were collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, and document analysis. The instrument’s reliability was confirmed with an alpha value of 0.83. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 26, utilizing linear regression. The findings indicated that the prevalence of teenage pregnancy had a strong negative effect on self-esteem (β=−.671, p<.05), and a significant negative effect on social adjustment (β=−.781, p<.05). In conclusion, teenage pregnancy negatively impacts both the self-esteem and social adjustment components of the students’ social well-being. The study recommends that schools, guided by a focus on addressing the fundamental needs of the affected adolescents, embrace comprehensive social support systems, including mentorship and religion/support groups, to aid the re-integration and coping mechanisms of pregnant and teenage student mothers. The findings provide a reference basis for scholars and interventions aiming to improve academic progression and social adjustment globally.
Identification and Modeling Human Factors Risks in Kenyan and Ugandan Aviation Operations
Safety performance is much poorer in developing countries when one compares to other countries worldwide, despite the fact that the aviation crews in these countries are well trained with the aim of minimizing aviation accidents. Research on accident patterns in aviation is very important because the prediction of their occurrence is not possible after flight or after a collision. The need to identify significant human factor events causing local aviation accidents and incidents and to demonstrate aerobiological causes may provide direction for prevention. A study set out to identify and model human factors risk in Kenyan and Ugandan aviation operations. A document review analysis selected 42 regional final accident and incident investigation reports between 2000- 2017 for review. Results identified that most accidents in both countries were occurring at the landing phase with improper landing as the highest occurrences at 28%, followed by takeoff accidents with improper planning at 10% and lastly engine failure during flight at 10%. MLogit model for Kenya showed significance at P<0.001, in the manner with which one flies, exceptional violation, supervisory violations and organizational processes. Findings showed that the region’s operations have unsafe acts as the highest category of active failures. The commonest unsafe acts were exceptional violations and skill based errors (manner or skill with which one flies).The study identified that most accidents in both countries were occurring at the landing phase with other significant ones at takeoff and during flight phase. In all it is recommended that the aviation training and its evaluation be progressively reevaluated by the respective authorities to increase individual’s skills and further reduce the emerging unsafe act.
Exploring Universal Design for Learning as a Tool for Fostering Equity and Inclusion in Teacher Education: The Case of Ghana
This study explored how Universal Design for Learning (UDL) can be leveraged to promote equity and inclusion in teacher education in Ghana. Using a qualitative exploratory design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with college of education lecturers, focus group discussions with student teachers, classroom observations, and document analysis of curriculum and policy frameworks. Thematic analysis revealed that while inclusive practices were occasionally employed, UDL as a structured pedagogical framework was poorly understood and inconsistently applied. Major barriers included rigid curricula, large class sizes, limited resources, and entrenched cultural attitudes toward teaching and learning. Nevertheless, enabling conditions such as Ghana’s Inclusive Education Policy (2015), the National Teacher Education Curriculum Framework (2018), growing enthusiasm among trainees, and increasing access to information and communication technologies present significant opportunities for UDL integration. The findings suggest that although UDL is not yet systematically embedded in teacher education, it holds strong potential to enhance inclusive teacher preparation in Ghana if explicitly integrated into curricula, aligned with practicum assessment, and supported through targeted capacity building and resource provision.
Parental Support System Making a Difference on Academic Performance of Learners with HI in Secondary Schools for the Deaf
Globally, stipulation of special instruction or training to learners with HI is still challenging. The situation is not any different in Kenya where national examinations consistently show comparatively low mean scores of HI learners over recent years compared to those of learners who hear. Literature gaps points to inadequate parental support system. Specifically, the study sought to examine the parental support systems making significant impact in the educational achievements of HI learners in secondary schools for the HI. The research employed a design called descriptive cross-sectional survey. The approach used to collect data was mixed method approach. The respondents involved in the research included the principals, teachers, all form 2 and 3 learners with HI in secondary schools for HI. The technique used to draw the sample population under study was census. Data collection instruments included questionnaires, interview schedules and FGDs. Cronbach’s reliability coefficient of .7143. was used as the threshold for validity and .79 for reliability of the instruments. The ethical considerations were adhered to. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data. Qualitative data was organized, analyzed then reported in verbatim as themes emerged. The analyzed findings were later corroborated and triangulated into the discussion. Results from the study established that parents do not pay full fees for their HI learners. They do not give them enough pocket money and basic requirements. They also fail to attend their academic clinics. The study concluded that when parental support systems are appropriately implemented, it will have a strong positive (r = .785; p=.297) contribution on academic performance of learners with HI, though being statistically insignificant. The study recommended that parents should adequately be involved in a support system for their HI learners and this will subsequently impact positively in the academic performance of the HI learners.
Orbit Reader Effectiveness in enhancing Braille Literacy among Trainees with visual impairment in Kenyan TVET Institutions
This study evaluates the effectiveness of Orbit Readers in improving Braille literacy among 198 trainees with visual impairment (TWVI) and 18 trainers in selected Kenyan Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions. The study data was collected through questionnaires and standardized tests. Data collection tools reliability was established through a test-retest method .Questionnaires reliability coefficient was 0.87 for trainer and 0.84 for trainees. Inter-rater reliability coefficient for observations schedule was 0.77. Experts validated data collection tools. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics. The study findings show that Orbit Readers greatly improved access to learning materials (mean=4.44) and supported independent learning (mean=3.94). They also enabled trainees to quickly learn Braille reading skills (mean=3.83) and encouraged interactive learning (mean=3.83). 51.1% of trainees achieved moderate Braille proficiency scores between 50–79% and trainers preferred traditional Braille machines (mean= 4.39) over Orbit Readers (mean=3.16). (SD=1.29) indicate high variability in responses showing diverse proficiencies amid users. The results of this study contribute applicable improvement to educational access for TWVI, trainers and policymakers and also supporting inclusivity in vocational training.
Contribution of Financial Challenges on Job Performance of Public Primary School Head Teachers in Mabera Sub-County, Kenya
Institutions of basic education in different countries experience a myriad of financial challenges globally with every jurisdiction plagued by their unique set of challenges. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the contribution of financial challenges on job performance of public primary school head teachers in Mabera Sub-County, Kenya. The study made use of a descriptive research design. Data collection tools were questionnaires and face to face interviews which were utilized to collect both quantitative and qualitative data respectively from a population of 470 teachers and 49 head teachers from 49 public primary schools within Mabera Sub-County. The sample size was 141 teachers and 15 head teachers giving a total sample size of 156. Validity of research instruments was ensured through test-retest method. Piloting was undertaken using 2 head teachers and 15 teachers from the same sub-county but who did not form part of the study. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptively into frequencies, percentages, means and standard variations and further analyzed inferentially using Pearson product moment correlations. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The quantitative finding established high positive contribution (r=.363) of financial challenges on job performance of public primary school head teachers which was statistically significant (p=.000) at, .05 level of significant. It was concluded that, financial challenges contribute to job performance of public primary school head teachers. The finding may contribute to a better understanding of financial challenges among head teachers, hence promote their performance outcomes.
The Role of Theory-Driven Evaluation in Analyzing Stakeholders' Perceptions of the 2021 Curriculum Reforms in Zanzibar
This study examines the implications of theory-driven evaluation for stakeholders' perceptions of the impacts of Zanzibar's 2021 curriculum reforms. The assessment uses an explicit theory of change as a guiding framework to study how educators, administrators, and other key stakeholders understand and experience reforms. This technique enables a thorough examination of the causal pathways linking curriculum inputs, activities, and outcomes, yielding insights into both intended and unintended consequences. The study seek to answer the following questions: How does theory-driven evaluation help in realizing the factors that shape stakeholders' perceptions? What gaps in awareness, training, and resources affecting curriculum enactment were revealed by theory-driven evaluation? How does theory-driven evaluation help analyze whether stakeholders' perceptions align or conflict with the intended theory of change behind the Zanzibar curriculum reforms? By incorporating qualitative data, the evaluation provides a more nuanced understanding of the mechanisms by which reforms influence educational practices and their outcomes. The study found that TDE can help researchers unpack how factors shape stakeholders' perceptions, reveal gaps in awareness, training, and resources that affect curriculum enactment, and analyse how stakeholders' perceptions align with or conflict with the intended theory of change behind the Zanzibar curriculum reforms. The findings emphasises the importance of theory-driven evaluation in capturing complex program dynamics and informing policy decisions to improve curriculum implementation and educational quality in Zanzibar. This study adds to the expanding body of evidence that theory-driven techniques are valuable tools for assessing and continuously improving academic programs.